If You Cite a Source in Text

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Annotation: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in Oct 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA vi style can be establish hither.

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some full general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Notation: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of enquiry papers should utilise the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)found or Jones (1998)has found...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured inquiry writing may permit the uncomplicated present tense (for example, Jones (1998)finds).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-appointment method of in-text commendation. This ways that the writer's concluding name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should announced in the reference list at the end of the newspaper.

If you are referring to an idea from some other work butNOT directly quoting the textile, or making reference to an unabridged book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the writer and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other paw, if y'all are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the folio number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Utilize the abbreviation "p." (for one folio) or "pp." (for multiple pages) earlier list the folio number(south). Use an en dash for page ranges. For instance, yous might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the newspaper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including writer names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you lot refer to the title of a source within your newspaper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater inside the title of a source:Permanence and Change. Exceptions utilize to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:Writing New Media,At that place Is Cypher Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will exist capitalized:Writing new media.)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:Natural-Born Cyborgs.
• Capitalize the first word after a nuance or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock'southwardVertigo."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference listing, italicize it and utilise title example capitalization in the text:The Closing of the American Mind;The Wizard of Oz;Friends.
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, employ double quotation marks and title instance capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The I Where Chandler Tin't Cry."

Brusque quotations

If you are directly quoting from a piece of work, you will need to include the writer, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded past "p." for a unmarried folio and "pp." for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated past an en dash).

You tin can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last proper name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first fourth dimension" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) constitute "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If you do not include the author's name in the text of the judgement, place the author's concluding proper noun, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students oft had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did non offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Identify straight quotations that are forty words or longer in a costless-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. First the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.due east., in the aforementioned place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do non add an extra bare line earlier or afterward information technology. The parenthetical commendation should come afterward the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL'southward content direction arrangement, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example beneath.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that practice not contain pages should non reference a page number. Instead, you may reference some other logical identifying element: a paragraph, a affiliate number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can too incorporate special location identifiers similar verse numbers. In short: option a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Jones (1998) found a diversity of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. four–5).

A meta-assay of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across big-scale studies of student learning (Table 3).

Summary or paraphrase

If yous are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you merely have to brand reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, notwithstanding, practice encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a hard citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

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Source: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html#:~:text=When%20using%20APA%20format%2C%20follow,the%20end%20of%20the%20paper.

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